Four-Year College Course Essay

This is an essay on the vocation that I am going to take. College will be the turning-point in my life and four years of studies in the field of nursing will be very interesting as well as full of challenges and responsibilities. It will be years of hardships and sacrifices but the discipline will mold me into becoming a more mature individual, ready to take on the role of being a Registered Nurse, caring for ailing people, the elderly as well as sick children. This course will also mold me into a person with better interpersonal relationships with superiors, fellow nurses and family members of individuals needing care and attention. Four-Year College Course (Registered Nurse) Nursing is a noble profession in the healthcare industry. Since I was a child, I have always wanted to become a nurse. Now I am determined to pursue that dream. When I grew up and had a deeper understanding of things, I knew that nurses chose this vocation to have a greater purpose in life which is to care for ailing patients, give them comfort and hope as well as educate their family members so that they will be able to handle the sick when at home after hospital confinement. My passion to become a nurse intensified with that noble purpose in life. Now I have the opportunity to reach that goal. I always have that urge to help people. I have the compassion for taking care of sick individuals. I know that this is the vocation or profession where I can make a difference in people’s lives. I know for a fact that the education, training and discipline to become a nurse will be very challenging, full of hardships and sacrifices but I am willing to undergo these to obtain and improve my capability of being a nurse. Thus, this course will need courage and self-discipline to succeed. I know that I still need to learn about comprehensive scientific and medical knowledge, practical and clinical skills, communication and documentation skills, but I am ready to learn new things. The drive to take care of the sick is motivating me to learn to take care of them effectively, improving their condition. I am also attracted to become a nurse due to the huge demand in hospitals and the lack of adequate medical care. I am also interested in the different roles that a nurse does aside from relating with the patients. Dealing with superiors, fellow nurses and family members of the sick will be a challenge, too. This course will hone my interpersonal relationships with various types of people and personalities, making me a better person in the process. This is the best job I can imagine myself performing in the near future.. The role of providing assistance and technical activities that will facilitate healthcare management of a patient makes nurses an important component in the healthcare industry. Nurses also have crucial roles in saving lives. In addition, nurses help in the role of preventing diseases and complications among patients they handle. I would like then to share my capabilities in providing care and doing things for the good of mankind. For me, it would be very rewarding and fulfilling to do the role of easing the difficulties that ailing patients feel. Another driving force for me to become a nurse is the opportunity to teach and educate the patients’ families on how to take care of their sick at home by teaching them to identify illnesses, provide first aid and let them decide when to seek immediate medical attention based on the symptoms the patients will show. The role of educating people is priceless and surely it will give me satisfaction whenever I will be a nurse someday. By being a nurse, I will be guided by Dale Carnegie’s fundamental techniques in handling people which are: 1) not to criticize, condemn or complain; 2) to give honest and sincere appreciation; and, 3) to arouse in the other person an eager want or interest. With the above techniques in handling people, I will also enhance my interpersonal skills, not only with the patients but with my superiors or the physicians whom I am going to deal with. I know that the well-being and progress of the patients are not only dependent on the compassion and attention given to them but on the clear, concise and consistent communications between the nurse and the physician in administering medications. I believe that improving my communication skills will be crucial in being a successful nurse. After graduation, I will be taking licensure examinations that will legitimize my nursing profession and will make me eligible to practice this profession. With the high demand for nurses in the healthcare industry, I surely will not find it hard to find a job. With the skills and the discipline that I will obtain from a four-year nursing course in college, I am very confident that I will not find it hard to get employed and join those in the noble healthcare industry. Reference Carnegie, Dale. (1936). How to Win Friends and Influence People. December 12, 2007. Web site: http://www. westegg. com/unmaintained/carnegie/win-friends. html

Factors of Chinese Art Market Essay

The Chinese possess the longest continuous cultural history of any of the peoples of the world (Sickman. L, 1968). In recent years, pushed by the huge economic growth in Asia, the fine art market rise sharply within Asia, especially China, changed the geographical structure of the global art market. The Chinese government set up some preferential policies to promote the fine art market because they see the great economic potential in this flied. In 2011, China has a 49% growth of artworks in auction revenue, becoming the first global marketplace for the sale of art. Although the transaction volume of China (10.8%) was behind USA and France, the auction revenue (41.4%) was the first of the world (Artprice, Trend of art market 2011) . This means China is becoming the central of high price fine art market. In 2011, a painting with calligraphy which was painted by Qi Baishi, †Eagle Standing on Pine Tree; Four-Character Couplet†¦Ã¢â‚¬  was sold for 4.255 Yuan(about 65 million US dollars) in Beijing by China Guardian auction company, a record high for contemporary and modern Chinese paintings and calligraphy(China Guardian Auctions). As Chinese fine art market growing quickly in last few years, more and more researches and studies have been done by both Chinese and other foreign people, this essay will focus on some factors behind the market and analysis how the factors influence the Chinese fine art market. And the analysis can be dividing into four sections, cultures, history events and policies, buyers and marketing channels. First of all, this essay is going to find out the difference between the western countries people and the Chinese people in culture of collecting aspect and work of art aspect. There is some strong culture which is really to be changed in any country and this will completely change the way people treat art works in a country. Just because people treat art works differently, every country’s fine art market culture is unique, and this can influence the market automatically. For example when Chinese people selling antiques, they always leave a large gap between the quote and the deal price to wait buyers to bargain because Chinese people believe buyers will feel happy and they have brought the antique in a cheaper price. Secondly, history events and policies linkage to the Chinese fine art market will be mentioned. Through the history events (such as the reform and open up in 1978 and joining the WTO in 2001) and policies (like import and export trading policies) to analysis how these events and changes influence the Chinese fine art market. A cultural repatriation has been in the spotlight a great deal from 2000, with the sale of the Yuan Ming Yuan bronze fountainheads, then the Chinese government has attach more importance to the fine art trade after it(Wang. A, 2012). Actually, modern Chinese fine art market starts after the reform and open up in 1978 and today becoming the first place of the marketplace for the sale of art. Also according the Tariff implementation plan 2012 of China, the import duty of art work decreased from 12% to 6% (General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China), this promoted the fine art market, in the first half of 2012, the trading amounts reach 210.8 billion Yuan (Ministry of Culture of the People’s Republic of China), which means China has been overtaken the USA, becoming the top art market. Then, this paper will explore different kinds of buyers and find out their purchasing intention. In this section, it will be a case study about the different buyers by having an interview with an antiquary and a staff of an international auction company. Antique buyers have different purchasing intention; some of them are shop holders or agencies buying art works for selling, some of them are art fanciers buying art works for collecting, some of them buying art work as investment, and there are some people just want to show their social status or financial position through buying expensive art works. Through the interview, more purchasing intention will carry out so that it will be more clear that how different buyers can influence the fine art market all around the world differently. The last section of this essay will talk about the marketing channels aspect. Chinese antiques can be seen in auction houses, trade fairs, art galleries, fine art shops all around the world(Artprice, Trend of art market 2011), People come together to appreciate or buy antiques. Furthermore, some private trade happens a lot without noticed by the mass. Different marketing channels have its own characteristics and price levels so that it could attract its own target audience. Although the market of Chinese antiques is growing in a very high speed, some scholars still have some issues to worry. As Audrey Wang mentioned (2012), some speculators believed that Chinese art market is an indomitable force and become the first place in volumes of sale of fine art. On the other hand, sceptics claim that the current trend as merely a bubble and today’s China is not ready yet to experience a full economic cycle of growth and decline. When a group of Chinese curio dealer visit the 25th of TEFAF which hold in the Nederland, they were not only shocked by the fine art work’s quality and authenticity, but also the seller’s integrity and normative. When they ask for some background and information about an antique, the vendor just read from the testimonial but not making an attractive story. The Chinese fine art market is still not mature because more standard rules or policies are needed. Lastly, the high speed growth of the Chinese fine art market might cause some mislead about the art. Quite a lot of people will regard high price as high quality in the fine art market, this is completely a misunderstanding for the art works. Therefore some scholars argue that the great growth could destroy the culture and art, this will be also discussed in this essay. Bibliography: Sickman, L (1968) The Art and Architecture of China, Yale University Press, London Wang, A (2012) Chinese Antiquities, an introduction to the art market, Lund Humphries, Surrey. TEFAF https://www.tefaf.com/ Artprice, Trend of art market 2011 http://imgpublic.artprice.com/pdf/trends2011_en.pdf (2013-01-07) China Guardian Auctions http://english.cguardian.com/ (2013-01-07) Ministry of Culture of the People’s Republic of China http://www.chinaculture.org/index.html (2013-01-07) General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China http://english.customs.gov.cn/tabid/47800/Default.aspx (2013-01-07)

Benefits of Going Holidays

What is the psychological benefit of going on holiday? For most of us life involves the constant routine of work, whether at home with the family or within a business. Household duties, shopping, cooking, and looking after our families, watching television and whatever other hobbies or activities we engage in keep our minds active and occupied day in day out. If we interpret our situation to be stressful, forced, without choice or robotic then the constant engagement in life can wear us down and leave us feeling less than enthusiastic.If we feel unhappy about our situation and yet do not see a way to change it to what we would rather have, life can become a chore rather than exhilarating and exciting. It’s not always easy to change a job we do not enjoy or feel suitably challenging. It’s not always appropriate, financially or emotionally realistic to leave difficult relationships or stressful family situations, therefore we endure our current lifestyles, regardless.Read more in Holidays  « Four Leaf Clover Brings Luck? Guest Country and Republic Day  » How can we get away from an unchanging routine? In the same way you would take a break from over-involvement in a demanding task to clear your mind and gain new perspective before returning to recreate new ideas, you can take a holiday in order to refresh your mind from the prolonged identity with sameness, stress, fatigue or monotony.Obviously our lives do not have to be troubled or stressful to appreciate a holiday but no matter what we engage in daily, there is routine of some sort, therefore a change of scenery and new exciting stimulation for our minds is advisable in order to remind ourselves there is more to life than the ongoing routine of our current situations. Some people experience a sense of freedom the moment they lock the front door to their house, and their holiday has begun. Everyday life is left behind. For others it’s being on the aeroplane, physically identifying with having left their country or even just their county behind.For others it’s a few days into their holiday when they can identify and appreciate several days off together, which they normally do not experience in working life. Whatever it is for you, when it hits home you are free to do exactly as you wish; eat when you like, relax and read a book or go for a walk, engage in water sports, soak up the scenery, admire the architecture, rekindle romance, have fun with the children – you can completely relax and give your entire mind and body a well deserved holiday.Engaging in the freedom of not having to worry about time or deadlines or even family demands is extremely beneficial to our well-being. Life without tasks can be boring and uneventful but in order to appreciate what we have and identify with our own self worth and admiration of all that we do in life – it is advisable to take time out and experience the opposite as we enjoy complete relaxation without any demands.Choose a holiday in line with your idea of relaxation, which for an individual could be anything from a camping holiday to relaxing on a cruise ship or sightseeing in Barcelona. There is no point going on holiday to do more of what you do not want to do. Our minds need a break from ongoing concentration just as much as our bodies do if they are working continuously on an arduous task. Have a change of scenery and enjoy the contrast between complete choice in the moment and the scheduled routine of home and work life.

Death penalty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Death penalty - Research Paper Example Marzili observes that Criminologists, Lawyers and other practitioners have over the years tried to analyze and study the rate at which murder declined after murderers are executed but there have been no authoritative conclusive results. In 1973 however, Isaac Ehrilch research carried in the United Sates showed that for every one inmate executed, seven lives were spared as potential murderers were prevented from committing such crimes. The results were similarly observed by his disciples. For those who support capital punishment, the likelihood of tangible results not being felt, they argue, is as a result of lack of swiftness in executing the convicted culprits. For this MSU authoritatively asserts that: ‘’The fact that some states or countries which do not use the death penalty have lower murder rates than jurisdictions which do is not evidence of the failure of deterrence. States with high murder rates would have even higher rates if they did use the death penalty’. Indeed, others have supported the argument citing that it is preventive in the sense that people in general fear death more so death that is planned and decided by the courts. Even more interestingly is the fact that death penalty against a murderer would prevent him from committing any other offence ever and thus seen as a permanent deterrent measure. Further, these executions take approximately forty days before they are conducted. But one issue that begs the question why should the convicted be made to wait on death row? Why long wait in death row While the death penalty is seen by many as just, some people have argued that often times those convicted of murder and sentenced to death are put on wait for too long. This is more compounded by the cost incurred as any investigation relating to death penalty usually costs three times more than a non-death case (Marzili 50). When one is convicted and sentenced to death, they are usually put on death row during which time the state expends housing, health-care and food costs on them. However, some of the reasons which have been cited for long death row are many and how that affects the cases have some moral standing (Marzili, 58). First, if the convict becomes sick or ill, then he has to be treated before the execution takes place. Olando (2009) provides a case where in 2003 about $121,025 was spent on a life saving dialysis for a condemned killer who had been subjected to death row for six years. This was the case involving Horacio Alberto Reyes who was c onvicted of murdering Maria Zetina. He wanted a kidney transplant and argued that this would save tax payers in the long run (Olarndo 8). Secondly, it allows for arbitrary search of any pending justice. Reverend Jesse Jackson had once argued that death sentence is basically an arbitrary punishment. According to him, it does not entail objective templates or guidelines when it should be sought or executed. Therefore, the lack of the objectivity leading to discriminatory practices puts it that whoever is sentenced is allowed humble time to seek redress through an appeal. He further argues that many Americans support of death penalty is anchored on individual propensity to violence, an individual’s criminal history among other factors; parameters

Navigation Systems Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Navigation Systems Inc - Essay Example One can buy a foreign currency for a month from today, or for two months from today. It is clear that the repatriation must be made using a spot rate because it gives a greater amount of conversion with that of a forward exchange rate. The company must be advised to convert its income at spot transaction for a greater yield. Benefits can be derived using a currency option or a currency swaption especially when the exchange rates are high and will yield a greater amount of that currency. Foreign exchange market is where the exchange rate is determined. This market is not a single gathering place where traders shout buy and sell orders at each other. Traders work at their desk dealing with each other by computer and by phone. The daily volume of business dealt with on the foreign exchange markets in 1998 was estimated to be over $2.5 trillion dollars. (Daily volume on New York Stock Exchanges is about $20 billion) Today (2006) it may be about $5 trillion dollars. The daily volume of the foreign exchange market in North America in October 2005 was about $440 billion. The Foreign Exchange market expanded considerably since President Nixon closed the gold window and currencies were left afloat vis--vis other currencies and speculators could profit from their transactions. Until recently, this market was used mostly by banks, who fully appreciated the excellent opportunities to increase their profits.

Instruction and Assessmrnt plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Instruction and Assessmrnt plan - Essay Example This paper puts forth some writing and reading learning activities to enhance the same in 5th graders. (Hurley, 2001) Day/Dates Lesson Objective Instructional methods Material Needed Reading Activity 1 Monday Start Reading the story â€Å"Because of Winn Dixie† It will be a read-aloud method in class for the first day followed by some home-reading To get the students geared up for what is to follow ; develop their reading habit and ability to appreciate good literature A brief introduction on the story to be given by the teacher followed by READ-ALOUD sessions of the story and prospect discussions. Get the students to introspect on the characters that they might encounter in the story and what do they expect the plot to be like. White board Marker Flash cards Reading Activity 2 Tuesday Follow-up session on the reading home-assignment given on Monday. To develop the thinking skills of the students and their ability to comprehend the context and predict plots. Preview. Predict G et the students to discuss: 1. What part did Winn Dixie had to play in what happened at the library? 2. Is it possible for a girl to be on friendly terms with an elderly librarian White board Marker Flash cards Reading Activity 3 Wednesday Reader Groups will be made Centered activity and reading would be of : 1. Something to Do Help Students sequence the story, to summarize, and develop story board. 1. Students will be put in leveled groups. 2. During the class, the teacher will put forth story board activities related to sequencing and vocabulary. 3. Students will be expected to take part in the story board activities on rotational basis. White board Marker Posters for story board activities Reading Activity 4 Thursday Reader groups will again be made. Reading would be of: Child of the silent Night Help students In sequencing and vocabulary comprehension. 1. Participation during the entire group discussion. 2. Get students to infer meaning of vocabulary words like grand, memorial, pitfalls etc. 3. Students will be expected to attend to questions put forth by the instructor : What experiences bring forth people from diverse culture together. ; How did Laura recover (Describe the sequence) 4. Words will be read from the context and pictures will be provided to give cue to their meanings from the context. 5. Students will be expected to solve practice work sheet page 4 White board Marker Posters for story board activities Reading Standards: To inculcate an understanding of figurative language in students. Students at grade 5 level are not pro at their understanding of figurative language. They find it difficult to draw inferences and meanings given the context at this level. They still tend to delve on the literal meaning of words. So the idea would be to develop their understanding of figurative language. Secondly, it would also aim at inculcate student understanding and ability to connect different ideas and arguments, in a given context. In general the abilit y to understand and comprehend information will be developed at this level. Day/Date Lesson Objective Instructional Method Materials Needed Writing Activity 1 Monday Narrative Prompt The objective of this activity is to help students put in words what they feel about a certain aspect of their life/life in general. It is simply

The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business Research Paper

The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business - Research Paper Example 2. Compare the American legal system to the international legal environment of business.   We live in a global economy where goods are manufactured in one country and are packed in other country. In search of cheap labor, raw material and talent, businesses have expanded themselves and have crossed the physical boundaries. The legal of system of every country is different from other. Different countries possess different legal systems however some countries share same legal system for instance countries like Australia, United States and India uses common law systems. In a civil law system, legal system and laws are based upon different and unique circumstances. Some countries legal systems and ideologies are based upon religion for instance Saudi Arabia, Middle East, Pakistan and Iran etc. These nations follow the systems of Koran and Sunnah. Some countries have civil legal system where judges do not have much flexibility and authority to apply law such as Germany, Russia and Franc e. It is highly essential to interpret the legal system and law while doing business international and its affect on commercial activities (Hiray, 2007). 3. Recognize the principal legal and ethical issues facing managers Managers have to face number of issues in their day-to-day dealings. Most of them are related to ethical and legalities. Some principle ethical and legal issues faced by managers are: Ethical Issues Identifying and resolving the dilemmas of ethical situations Maintaining high standards of ethics while conducting business transactions Providing uniform treatment to all the workers in the work environment Keeping the rights, obligations and concern for environment, stakeholders, employees and company Taking decisions after considering the ethical consequences Legal Issues Safeguarding the private and confidential information of the company in accordance with the law Complying with the domestic and international laws while doing business dealings Accepting accountabil ity for the actions and judgments of individual Apart from above mentioned principles, some other ethical and legal issues are related to fraud, marketing tactics and discrimination. 4. Argue the importance of ethics and social responsibility in the business world.   The importance of ethical and social responsibility in any business is that ignoring these important aspects can cause loss of huge time and money to any business. The unquestionable and unethical social practices can be devastating for any size of business. Nowadays, the impact of business decisions on environment has become more important than ever before. Consumers and watchdogs do not leave a single chance to suspect and call out a business, which is mistreating the natural resources and causing devastating effects on environment. Good social and ethical practices are keys to any company’s success. Therefore, nowadays, along with the objective of making profits, the companies are also trying to make an obje ctive of being environmental friendly. The idea that philanthropic efforts are unfavorable to the success and profitability of any business has become obsolete option. 5. Apply ethical frameworks to business situations.   In case of any ethical dilemma, the best way to resolve the issues is to apply ethical framework to that situations. The most widely known ethical framework is mentioned below. Recognizing the Ethical Dilemma Gathering Facts and

Value Added Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Value Added - Essay Example The unit profit is arrived at by calculating the difference between the production cost and the sale price. In order to determine the total value added is obtained by adding all the value added figures of all the units. Essentially, the difference between revenue and outside purchases is equivalent to total value added. In terms of analysis, the figure obtained of value added offers a range of interpretations. For instance, integrated companies usually regard value added as a higher portion of revenue whereas companies that are less integrated consider it as a lower portion of revenue. Another method of approximating total value added is by combining total labor expense, operating profit, and depreciation expense in that order (Mowen, Hansen, & Heitger, 2012). According to standard procedure, the operating profit must come before depreciation expense. Labor expense includes such items as benefits, wages, and salaries. The figure of total labor expense is usually considered as a retur n to labor while the value of operating profit is generally considered as a return to capital. Capital comprises of items such as land, properties, and capital goods. Normally, it is considered important to follow the standard procedure when arriving at the different figures. Factors of production are usually considered in terms of value added when determining the figure of value added in macroeconomic calculations. Calculating value added in national accounts usually involves capital and labor (Mowen, Hansen, & Heitger, 2012). Alternative definitions usually consider value added as the extra features, which extend over standard expectations of a given product or a service. Such items do not involve the cost of the product. According to some theoretical approaches, value added is considered as the difference in the prices incurred by a company over a product and the price paid by a customer for the same customer. As such, arriving at the figure of value added is through the determin ation of the difference in the prices. The figure is obtained by subtracting the company’s cost from the customer’s cost and then adding the figure of services to the results. Theoretically, value added could be understood in terms of the different enhancements that a business puts on a particular product with the objective of increasing the value of the product (Mowen, Hansen, & Heitger, 2012). In this manner, value added is considered as a determination of the different qualities that are created on a given product or service. Value added can increase the price of a give product or its value. Generally, value added is considered as one of the ways in which a firm enhances the competitive advantage of its products or services. Other perspectives on value added describe it as an increase in the value of goods or services as they transit from one stage of production to another.  

Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Criminology - Essay Example How is it possible, for example, to justify the actions of a criminal, who killed a little child? It is absolutely impossible to let this person exist further, moreover to give him a chance to appear among other members of the society again one day. Such people should be eliminated, they should not exist, because their behavior can’t be corrected anyhow. So, death penalty is very helpful here and should be used. On the other hand modern world is trying to follow democratic principles. Notwithstanding that the majority of European countries and many states of the US cancelled death penalty, in some countries death penalty is still widely used. For example, in China it is applied every day to any kinds of crimes (Evans, 2012). Is it right? No, it is absolutely wrong because it contradicts humanistic and democratic principles. The best way is to use death penalty only sometimes for the most severe crimes. However, cases are rarely considered separately, the law is the same for everybody, and many innocent people are still in risk. Thus, the issue remains

Your Guilty, Romeo! Essay Example for Free

Your Guilty, Romeo! Essay If it werent for Romeo’s actions, both he and Juliet would have never fallen in love, and never ended up taking their own lives. Romeo is most at fault for his death and the death of Juliet because Romeo should have listened to Friar Lawrence. He should not have fallen in love with Juliet so easily, and he should have respected the feud between the two families and stayed away from the Capulets. Throughout the whole story, Friar Lawrence holds some responsibility for the tragedy of the couple like when he marries the two of them knowing that they have only known each other for a short time. However, his intentions of marrying Romeo and Juliet were to bring the families together and he even warns Romeo that his decision may be too rash when he says, â€Å"These violent delights have violent ends.† (2.6, 9) The Friar warns Romeo that his rapidly growing emotional love for Juliet may have a sudden end meaning that maybe he should take the marriage slow; however, Romeo pushes on for the marriage to happen. This proves Romeo is at fault because he ignored the advice of Friar Lawrence, who is much wiser than him, and knew what was best for both Romeo and Juliet. Romeo falls in love too easily and if he took things slower, he and Juliet would have never married. A few days after Romeo and Juliet meet, Lord and Lady Capulet tell Juliet that she has to marry Paris. If Romeo would not have fallen in love so quickly he and Juliet could have taken things slower, that way when Juliet got the news she had to marry Paris, she would not have went to see Friar Lawrence to get the potion to make her fall asleep, so that her and Romeo could be together. This proves Romeo is responsible because Juliet said she didnt want to get married unless Romeo truly loved her, and if Romeo said he wanted to slow down, he and Juliet would have never married, and ultimately never commited suicide. Romeo did not respect his family or the feud that his family had with the Capulets. He should not have gone anywhere near any members of the Capulet family. The Capulets and the Montagues have hated each other for many years prior to Romeo and Juliet meeting. If Romeo would have respected this feud and never attended the Capulet party he would have never met Juliet and they would both have lived out their lives, never having killed themselves. We know this because it is at the Capulet party when Romeo and Juliet meet. We know of the feud between the families because of the fights that occur throughout the book. In  conclusion, if Romeo would have listened to Friar Lawrence, did not fall in love so quickly and easily, and had respected his family and their feud with the Capulets, he and Juliet would never have met, never would have fallen in love, and in the end, never would have committed suicide. For these reasons, Romeo is the most responsible for the deaths of both he and Juliet.

Touch screen applications

Touch screen applications Touch Screen and the meaning of Multi-Touch Nowadays, we all can frequently see the Touch Screen applications around our environment. Starting from our pocket games to ATMs, Service counter applications to Information displays, touch screen technology have been widely used and applied. So why did we call the name of Touch Screen? It was clear that we can refer to touch or contact to the display of the device by a figure or hand or a stylus. By theory, the touch screen has two main attributes [1]. First, it enables one to interact with what is displayed directly on the screen, where it is displayed, rather than indirectly with a mouse or touchpad. Secondly, it lets one do so without requiring any intermediate device, again, such as a stylus that needs to be held in the hand. Such displays can be attached to computers, terminals to networks and also can use such as the personal digital assistant (PDA), satellite navigation devices, mobile phones, and video games. The good beginning of first commercial touch screen computer HP-15 0 [1] had inspired for further development of touch screen technology and its applications. Here are a number of types of touch screen technology as known as Resistive Using electrical conductive layers Surface acoustic wave using ultrasonic waves that pass over the touch screen panel Capacitive classified in two types as surface capacitive and projected capacitive and Optical imaging for large units of touch screen application. There are many ways to create or build a touch screen. Most of the key goals are to recognize one or more fingers touching on a screen to effectively interact with the command of the appropriate applications. Even though touch screen technology patents were filed during the 1970s and 1980s, within the short time they had been expired [1]. Touch screen components manufacturing and product design are no longer in encumbered with regard to patents and the manufacturing of touch screen-enabled displays were widespread. At beginning, touch screen technology started with single-touch. But in later time, have been developed to dual-touch and then now popular article â€Å"Multi-Touch†. The meaning and development of Multi-Touch screens facilitated the tracking of more than one finger on the screen, thus operations that require more than one finger are possible. These devices also allow multiple users to interact with the touch screen simultaneously at the same time. Multi-Touch can explain as a set of interaction techniques which allow users to control the graphical interface with more than one finger at either application or system levels of computers or touch screen displays or mobile phones [2]. It can consists of a touch screen (possible in wall, overlay, table, etc) and the application software that recognizes multiple simultaneous touch points, it would oppose to the single-touch screen which only recognizes single touch point. The actual research development of Multi-Touch had started from since 1982 when the University of Toronto developed the first finger pressure Multi-Touch display [2]. When the time came to 1983 after a long of a year, Murray hay from Bell labs published a comprehensive discussion of touch screen based interfaces. In 1984, Bell labs created a touch screen that could change images with more than one hand. So the University of Toronto have stopped for hardware research and specialized in software and interface development expecting that they would have access to Bell labs work. A breakthrough occurred in 1991 that when Pierre Wellner published a paper on his multi-touch â€Å"Digital Desk†, which supported multi-finger and pinching, motions [2]. But after that time, there were no further widely acceptance or popularity in this field except on special interested groups or research labs. When coming out of the evolutional product from Apple, â€Å"iPhone†, interesting of Mul ti-Touch technology has emerged again to the stage. The iPhone in particular has spawned a wave of interest in multi-touch computing, since it permits greatly increased user interaction on a small scale. And also the introduction of Microsoft Surface from Microsoft Cooperation in 2007 had got many attentions and interesting from publics. Recent years, the use of Multi-Touch technology is expected to rapidly become common place and will stand as one of the innovative techniques. The evolution of human input â€Å"touch† to computer and other devices The most basic fundamental concepts of Multi-Touch Technology are branching out from the concepts of Human Computer Interaction (HCI). To control everything with your hand or fingers are not so as easy as our expected. The good implementation of user interface and the consumption of processing time in application software are most critical saturation and would be needed to consider as first priority. Along side with history, people did endeavor the more moderated techniques in HCI for both hardware and software to useful and friendly than of the previous discoveries. So, nowadays we can see the different versions of computer monitors, mouse, game joysticks and application software that all are more advanced and suited with users requirements and flexibilities. And also in Multi-Touch, it had been for the long way in research and development regarding for HCI, product design and technically improvements. Here are some facts and time lines that have been roughly annotated as a Chronolo gy of Multi-Touch and Related Works. The beginning: Typing N-Key Rollover (IBM and other researchers) It may seem a long way to become a Multi-Touch screen, because the starting story of Multi-Touch had begun with keyboards. They were mechanical devices, hard type rather than of soft. But they did involve a sort of Multi-Touch. First, we can see the sequences of such as the SHIFT, Control, Fn or ALT keys in combination with others. These were the cases where we want Multi-Touch. Second, there were also the cases of unintentional, but inevitable, multiple simultaneous key presses which we want to make proper sense of, the so-called question of n-key rollover (where you can push the next key before releasing the previous one) [3]. Electro acoustic Music: The Early Days of Electronic Touch Sensors (Hugh LeCaine, Don Buchla Bob Moog) It was the early type of touch-sensitive control device, used touch-sensitive capacitance-sensors to control the sound and music being made. It could say touch pads rather than to say touch screen. 1972: PLATO IV Touch Screen Terminal (Computer-based Education Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign) It was the early work done by IBM, the University of Illinois, and Ottawa Canada [4]. All were single touch and there were nothing for pressure sensitive. As well as its use of touch, it was remarkable for its use of real-time random-access audio playback, and the invention of the flat panel plasma display. 1981: Tactile Array Sensor for Robotics (Jack Rebman, Lord Corporation) A multi-touch sensor designed for robotics to enable sensing of shape, orientation, etc [5]. 1982: Flexible Machine Interface (Nimish Mehta, University of Toronto) The first multi-touch system that had been aware of designed for human input to a computer system [6]. It was consisted of a frosted-glass panel whose local optical properties were such that when viewed behind with a camera a black spot whose size depended on finger pressure appeared on white background. This with simple image processing allowed multi touch input picture drawing, etc. At the time we discussed the notion of a projector for defining the context both for the camera and the human viewer. 1983: Video Place / Video Desk (Myron Krueger) The vision based system that tracked the hand and enabled multi fingers, hands, and people to interact using a rich set of gestures. It can implement in a number of configurations, including table and wall. 1985: Multi-Touch Tablet (Input Research Group, University of Toronto)

Physical Exercise Reduce Symptoms Depression Health And Social Care Essay

Physical Exercise Reduce Symptoms Depression Health And Social Care Essay The aim of this essay will be to discuss and apply selected evidence related to nursing practice within a chosen field. Evidence based practice is an approach used by clinicians to deliver the highest quality care to meet the needs of patients and their families. By finding appraising and using the best evidence, health professionals are able to achieve optimum outcomes for all. (Melnyk Finout-Overholt 2005). However, an alternative view suggests that evidence exists to inform and guide practice rather than dictate it. (McKenna et Al 1999). When clinicians apply an evidence based model, the best available evidence, modified by patient circumstances and preferences, is applied to improve the quality of clinical judgements. (McMaster Clinical Epidemiology Group 1997) A recognised framework will be used to identify a question and then a systematic literature search will be carried out to assist in answering this question. A copy of this search will be provided and search parameters will be applied to gain the most relevant literature. After applying these parameters the search will be narrowed down to the five most relevant pieces of research. A table will be provided to show the key findings from each piece of literature, and one piece of research will then be critiqued in depth using a recognised framework. The question identified in this essay is Can physical exercise or activity help to reduce the symptoms of depression in older adults, compared to other forms of treatment? Background and Formulation of Question The question was devised using the PICO framework. This framework often is used to formulate clinical questions (Craig Smyth 2002), and it identifies and defines the essential components of a good clinical question. PICO is an acronym for patient population of interest, intervention, comparison intervention and outcome (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 2007). Patient population of interest shall be older persons diagnosed with depression, intervention shall be physical exercise or activity, the comparison intervention shall be other forms of treatment for depression and the outcome will be a reduction in the symptoms of depression. A well thought out and formulated question maximises the potential for finding relevant evidence for a patient population (Craig Smyth 2002) Depression in older adults refers to depressive syndromes defined in the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) and in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) that arise in people older than age 65 years. In old age, the symptoms of depression often affect people with chronic medical illnesses, cognitive impairment, or disability. (Alexopolous et al 2002). For a major depressive episode to be diagnosed, five of the following symptoms must be present: depressed mood, diminished interest, loss of pleasure in all or almost all activities, weight loss or gain (more than 5% of bodyweight), insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, feeling of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt, reduced ability to concentrate, recurrent thought of death or suicide. At least one of the symptoms must be either depressed mood or diminished interest or pleasure. The episode should last at least 2 weeks, lead to distress or functional impairment, and not be a direct effect of substance use, a medical condition, or bereavement. (Depression Today 2010). Two of the symptoms detailed above must be present for a minor depressive episode to be diagnosed. Between one and four percent of the general elderly population has major depression, and minor depression has a prevalence of between four and thirteen percent (Blazer 2003). Twice as many women as men are affected. Both the prevalence (Palsson et al 2001) and the incidence (Teresi et al 2001) of major depression double after age 70-85 years. Treatment for depression usually involves a combination of anti depressant drugs, talking therapies such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy or Interpersonal Therapy and self help. (NHS Choices 2010). A recent review concluded that physical exercise programmes can obtain have a beneficial effect on depressive symptoms in older people. Although not appropriate for all older people exercise may improve mood in those undertaking it. (Blake et al 2009) Systematic Literature Search A systematic review of the literature was carried out using the CINAHL and PubMed databases and the search terms depression physical exercise and old* were used. CINAHL was found to be particularly useful as it possible to specify the age group required in the literature search. For the purposes of this search age 65+ was selected. PubMed is the public access version of Medline, a comprehensive database which indexes thousands of journals in the medical sciences field. (TVU 2010a). The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature Indexes virtually all English language journals from 1983 onwards. This database covers midwifery, nursing and related disciplines (TVU 2010b). Initially the searches indicated a vast array of literature but by applying a systematic review this was reduced. By using a logical search strategy with Boolean techniques the number of documents was limited to thirty. These were then reviewed and five articles were then selected which addressed the ques tion of exercise as a form of treatment for older people diagnosed with depression. The search parameters were limited to studies written in the English language, the age and the subjects, and both sexes were to be included. Harvard (2007) suggests that by applying parameters such as these the most up to date and relevant literature can be sourced. A full record of this search history is attached in appendix 1 and 2. A summary of the findings in the five pieces of research selected is detailed in the table overleaf. This table follows a structure recommended by Timmins McCabe (2005). Author and Year Journal Type of Study Purpose Sample Design Data Collection Key Findings Blake et al 2009 Clinical Rehabilitation Qualitative To assess efficacy of physical exercise in 11 trials totalling 641 participants Varied Varied 1 Exercise not relevant 2009; 23: 873-887 systematic treating depression in older adults to all in group review 2 May improve mood 3 further research needed to establish medium to long term effects and cost effectiveness Mather et al 2002 British Journal of Quantitative To determine whether exercise is effective 86 participants split into RCT clinical 1 Modest improvement Psychiatry (2002) as an addition to anti depressants in reducing two groups interview in symptoms after 10 180:411-415 depressive symptoms in older adults weeks 2 older people should be encouraged to attend exercise classes Brenes et al 2007 Aging Mental Health Quantitative To test feasibility and efficacy of exercise and 37 participants, 32 completed RCT structured 1 Both exercise Jan 2007;11(1):61-68 anti depressants compared with usual the study clinical interview and medication were treatments for older adults with observed shown to be statistically minor depression self reporting more effective than current treatment 2 Exercise also aided physical functioning Kerse et al 2010 Annals of Family Quantitative To assess effectiveness of home based 193 participants, 187 completed RCT structured 1 exercise and social Medicine 8:214-223 (2010) physical exercise plan in treating older the study clinical interview visits showed similar adults with depressive symptoms compared effects in improving to social visits mood an quality of life 2 More research is required Blumenthal et al Archives of Internal Quantitative to assess effectiveness of exercise 156 participants RCT structured 1 after 16 weeks 1999 Medicine 159(19) (1999) compared to antidepressants for treatment clinical interview exercise equally effective of major depression in older as anti depressantsCritical Appraisal The following appraisal was structured by using an approved and recognised framework for completing such tasks. (Polit et al. 2001) The article selected for critical appraisal is Effects of exercise on depressive symptoms in older adults with poorly responsive depressive disorder. (Mather et al. 2002). A copy of the article is attached as appendix 2. The aim of the study was to determine whether exercise is effective as an adjunct to antidepressant therapy in reducing depressive symptoms in older people. This was clearly defined. In the introduction the authors stated that it is widely held that exercise is useful in depression, but that there were few studies on the potential effects that exercise may have as an addition to antidepressant therapies for older adults. The key finding of this study was that at ten weeks older people with poorly responsive depressive disorder showed a modest improvement in depressive symptoms and should therefore be encouraged to attend group exercise activities. The study conducted was a randomised controlled trial. Randomised controlled trials are the most rigorous way of determining whether a relation exists between treatment and outcome and for assessing the cost effectiveness of a treatment. (Sibbald Rowland 1998). Patients were randomly selected to attend either exercise classes or health education talks for ten weeks. Assessments were blind and were conducted at baseline, ten and thirty four weeks. The primary outcome was measured with the 17 item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). HRSD is a multiple choice questionnaire used by clinicians to measure the severity of major depression in patients. (Hamilton 1960). The nature of both interventions is clearly described by the authors. All participants were outpatients recruited from primary care, psychiatric services and direct advertisement. 1885 patients were screened with a view to recruitment, and 86 were selected at random for the study. To be included patients were require d to have symptoms of depression, and to be older than fifty three years of age. In addition patients had to have been receiving antidepressant therapy for at least six weeks, without evidence of a sustained improvement in their condition. Patients were excluded if there was: alcohol or substance misuse, structured psychotherapy in place, or were already taking regular exercise. Patients with specific medical conditions preventing physical exercise were also excluded. Both groups were informed of the nature of the trial, and all patients gave written informed consent. The study was approved by a medical research ethics committee. There were two groups with 43 patients in each and were comparable in terms of age range and symptom presentation. There was however a heavy preponderance of women in the exercise group. The authors suggest that this may have introduced a bias into the results, and suggest a control group could be introduced in the future without either intervention. The outcomes for both groups were measured in the same way by the proportion of participants achieving a greater than thirty percent reduction in HRSD score from baseline. The results are shown in a statistical format and are recorded in a table. There are twenty four references in the report which support the evidence presented by the authors. The implications for the health service are that structured group exercise sessions can help to make a modest improvement in patients who are not responding to pharmacological treatment and that older people with depressive disorders should be encouraged to attend group exercise activities. It should be noted that one of the authors of the research is co-director of a company providing exercise classes for older people and whose profits support research into aging. Review of Literature This review of literature will show how the five main studies and all available literature assist in answering the set question. The first part of this review will concentrate on the five main studies and the second part will contain evidence from a wide range of sources and relate this combined information to government policy and guidelines. There will also be evidence of how all the information relates back to practice. It is well acknowledged that depression is widespread (Osborn et al 2003) and is the most prevalent mental health problem for older people (Age Concern 2007) The condition affects one in five people over 65 and rises to two in five in those over 85 (Mental Health Foundation 2008). The use of exercise to combat depression is well supported due to its effects on enhancing mood, improving cognitive function and reducing anxiety; it is also less expensive than medication (Louch 2008). A literature review was conducted to examine whether exercise could be an effective form of treatment for older adults with depressive symptoms. Article 1 (Blake, Mo, Malik and Thomas 2008) conducted a systematic review of eleven randomized control trials in order to establish whether physical activity interventions were successful in alleviating depressive symptoms in older people. Trials were included in the review when more than 80% of the participants were greater than sixty years old. In nine of the eleven studies short term positive outcomes were found, although the mode, intensity and duration of the exercise program differed across the studies. The medium to long term effects of exercise as an intervention were less clear. This outcome is backed up by Mead et al (2008) who concluded that exercise seems to improve depressive symptoms in people with a diagnosis of depression, but the effects are moderate and not statistically significant. However a randomized controlled trial conducted by Blumenthal et al (1999) (Article 2) had reached different conclusions. One hundred and fifty six men and women aged over fifty were split into groups randomly to a program of aerobic exercise, antidepressants (sertraline hydrochloride) or combined exercise and medication. After sixteen weeks of treatment the patients did not differ significantly statistically either on Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression or Beck Depression Inventory scores. The study concluded that antidepressant medication had the most rapid effect, but after sixteen weeks exercise was equally effective in reducing symptoms of major depressive disorder. Article 3 (Brenes et al 1999) conducted a pilot study designed as a randomized clinical trial to test the feasibility and efficacy of an exercise program and antidepressant treatment compared with usual care in improving emotional and physical functioning in older adults with minor depression. A total of thirty seven participants aged over sixty five were randomized to treatment: fourteen to exercise, eleven to sertraline and twelve to usual care. Patients who received either exercise or sertraline treatments demonstrated improvement both in clinician led and self reported measures of depressive symptoms. Those participants who received the usual package care experienced small or no improvement in mental state. There are some limitations to this study however. The sample size was small and thus the statistical power was weak. The diagnosis of minor depression was based on self diagnosis rather than clinical interview. It was also not stated in the report what the usual care was. Ther e were however significant trends to suggest that sertraline and exercise could be used as treatments for mild depression in older adults, and that a more in depth study should be undertaken. Article 4 (Kerse et al 2010) published a study comparing the effects of a home based exercise program with regular social contact in improving function, quality of life and mood in older people with depressive symptoms. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in which one hundred and ninety three people aged over seventy five with depressive symptoms received either an individualized physical activity program or social visits delivered over six months. The social visits were of the same time span as the exercise program. Outcome measures were obtained at three, six and twelve months. Both physical and mental well being was measured using a variety of techniques including a short function test, and the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living Scale (Nouri Lincoln 1987). It was concluded that a structured activity program improved mood and quality of life for older people with depressive symptoms as much as the effect of social visits. There was however no control group bein g measured that was receiving usual care. Article 5 (Mather et al 2002) set out to determine whether exercise is effective as an adjunct to antidepressant therapy in reducing depressive symptoms in older people. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in which eighty six participants aged between fifty three and ninety one already receiving anti depressant therapy were given either exercise classes or health education talks over a ten week period. Assessments were made blind at baseline, ten and thirty four weeks using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression as the primary outcome. At ten weeks a significantly higher proportion of the exercise group (55% compared with 33%) experienced a greater than 30% decline in depression. In an article in The British Journal of Psychiatry in 2002, Jagadheesan et al critiqued this study and stated that it could have been more meaningful if a control group had been added which received no additional treatment other than continuing antidepressants. (Jagadheesan et al 2002). The majority of research above suggests that physical exercise reduces depression and depressive symptoms in the short term in older adults, but additional well controlled studies are required to determine the long term efficacy. A systematic review carried out by Sjosten Kivela supports these findings (Sjosten Kivela 2002). Direct comparisons between studies is difficult as they differ greatly in characteristics, nature of control comparison group, age of the participants, type and intensity of exercise and outcome measures used to follow up. National Institute for Clinical Excellence guidelines are set out to assist clinicians and patients in making decisions about appropriate treatment for specific conditions. The guidelines for depression suggest that for particularly for patients with mild or moderate depressive disorders, structured and supervised exercise can be an effective intervention that has a clinically significant impact on depressive symptoms. There is also evidence to suggest that individuals with low mood may also benefit from structured and supervised exercise. (NICE 2005). Conclusion Physical exercise is clinically beneficial in the short term for treatment of depressive symptoms in older people. Exercise, although not appropriate for all older persons with depression, may improve mood in this group. Evidence of the cost effectiveness of providing exercise interventions would be beneficial in helping decision making regarding service use and delivery. More well designed research studies are needed to examine the medium and long term benefits of exercise as a treatment for depressive symptoms in older adults, and to examine the types and duration of interventions that have the most positive effect. Word Count 3008 References Age Concern (2007) Mental Health Services Letting Down Older People. [On Line] Available at http://www.ageuk.org.uk/ [Accessed 12 May 2010] London: Age Concern. Alexopoulos, G.S., Buckwalter, K., Olin, J., Martinez, R., Wainscott, C., Krishnan, K.R. (2002) Comorbidity of late-life depression: an opportunity for research in mechanisms and treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52:543-58. Blake, H., Mo, P., Malik, S., Thomas, S. (2009) How Effective are Physical Activity Interventions for Alleviating Depressive Symptoms in Older People? A Systematic Review Clinical Rehabilitation 2009; 23: 873-887 Blazer, D.G. (2003) Depression in late life: review and commentary. J Gerontol Med Sci 2003; 56A: 249-65. Blumenthal, J.A., Babyak, M.A., Moore, K.A., Craighead, E., Herman, S., Khatri, P., Waugh, R., Napolitano, M.A., Forman, L.M., Appelbaum, M., Doraiswamy, P.M., Krishnan, K.R., (1999) Effects of Exercise Training on Older patients with Major Depression Archives Of Internal Medicine Vol. 159 No.19, October 25, 1999 Brenes, G.A., Williamson, J.D., Messier, S.P., Rejeski, W.J., Pahor, M., Ip, E., Penninx, J.H. (2007) Treatment of Minor Depression in Older Adults: A Pilot Study Comparing Sertraline and Exercise Aging Mental Health, January 2007; 11(1): 61-68 Craig, J.V. (2002). How to ask the right question. In J.V. Craig R.L. Smyth (Eds.), Evidence-based practice manual for nurses (pp. 21-44). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone. Depression Today (2010) DSM IV [Online] Available at http://www.mental-health-today.com/dep/dsm.htm [Accessed 8 May 2010] Hamilton, M (1960) A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 23: 56-62 Harvard, L. (2007) How to conduct an effective and valid literature search. Nursing Times 103, (45), 32-33 Jagadheesan, K., Chakraborty, S., Sinha, V.K., Nizamie, S.H. (2002) Effects of Exercise on Depression in Old Age The British Journal of Psychiatry (2002) 181: 532 Kerse, N., Hayman, K.J., Moyes, S.A., Peri, K., Robinson, E., Dowell, A., Kolt, G.S., Elley, C.R., Hatcher, S., Kiata, E., Wiles, J., Keeling, S., Parsons, J., Arroll B., (2010) Home-Based Activity Program for Older People With Depressive Symptoms: DeLLITE A Randomized Controlled Trial Annals of Family Medicine 8:214-223 (2010) Louch, P. (2008) Depression in Primary Care [On Line] Available at http://www.depression-primarycare.co.uk/ [Accessed 14 May 2010] Mather, A.S., Rodriguez, C., McMurdo, M.E.T. (2002) Effects of Exercise on Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults with Poorly Responsive Depressive Disorder The British Journal of Psychiatry (2002) 180: 411-415 McKenna, H., Cutliffe, J., McKenna, P., (1999) Evidence-based practice: demolishing some myths. Nursing Standard. 14, 16, 39-42. Date of acceptance: November 15 1999. McMaster Clinical Epidemiology Group (1997) Evidence Based Practice Resources [On Line] Available at http://hsl.mcmaster.ca/resources/topic/eb/nurse.html [Accessed 20 May 2010] Mead, G.E., Morley, W., Campbell, P., Greig, C.A., McMurdo, M., Lawlor, D.A. (2008) Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008. Issue 4. Art. No. CD004366.   Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, E. (2005). Evidence-based practice in nursing healthcare: A guide to best practice. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Mental Health Foundation (2007) Depression and Suicide in Later Life [On Line] Available at http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/information/mental-health-a-z/depression-and-suicide-in-later-life/?locale=en [Accessed 12 May 2010] London: Mental Health Foundation National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2005) Depression: Management of depression in primary and secondary care National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2007) Developing Clinical Questions [Online] Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/niceMedia/pdf/GuidelinesManualChapter5.pdf [Accessed 8 May 2010] NHS Choices (2010) Treating Depression [On Line] Available at http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/depression/pages/treatment.aspx [Accessed 16 May 2010] Nouri, F.M. Lincoln, N.B. (1987) An Extended Activities of Daily Living Index for stroke patients. Clinical Rehabilitation 1987; 1:301-5. Osborn, P.J., Fletcher, A.E., Smeeth, L., Stirling, S., Bulpitt, C., Nunes, M., Breeze, E., Edmond, S.W.Ng., Jones, D., Tulloch, A. (2003) Performance of a single screening question for depression in a representative sample of 13,670 people aged 75 and over in the UK: Results from the MRC trial of assessment and management of older people in the community. Family Practice; 20: 6, 682-684 Palsson, S., Ostling, S., Skoog, I. (2001) The incidence of first onset depression in a population followed from the age of 70 to 85.Psychol Med 2001; 31: 1159-68. Polit, D.F., Beck, C.T., and Hungler, B.P. (2001) Essentials of nursing research methods, appraisal and utilisation. (5th Ed.) Philadelphia; Lippincott. Sibbald, B. Roland, M. (1998) Understanding controlled trials: Why are randomised controlled trials important? BMJ 1998; 316:201 (17  January) Sjosten, N., Kivela, S.L., (2006) The effects of physical exercise on depressive symptoms among the aged: a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006 May; 21(5):410-8 Teresi, J., Abrams, R., Holmes, D., Ramirez, M., Eimicke, J. (2001) Prevalence of depression and depression recognition in nursing homes. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2001; 36: 613-29. Thames Valley University (2010a) Library Services Databases A-Z [Online] Available at: http://lrs.tvu.ac.uk/eresources/atozlist.jsp?id= [Accessed 2nd May 2010] Thames Valley University (2010b) Library Services Databases A-Z [Online] Available at: http://lrs.tvu.ac.uk/eresources/atozlist.jsp?id= [Accessed 2nd May 2010] Timmins, F. McCabe, C. (2005) How to conduct an effective literature search Nursing Standard November 23: vol 20 no 11 Appendix 1 Copies of Search Strategies

Self-Reflective :: essays research papers

As I was flipping through my weekly subscription of US Weekly, I noticed a crossword puzzle featuring my favorite superstar, Britney Spears. The crossword was offering a $1 million prize to the 25th correct entry received. Breezing through the questions, I quickly mailed in my entry. About three weeks later, I received a check in the mail for $1 million! I decided to spend my prize money wisely by sharing with my family, investing it in a small business, and spending the rest for myself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First and most importantly, I gave my parents $300,000 so they can retire, put my brother through college, and maybe take a long vacation. I also gave both my brother and sister $50,000 each, so they can pay bills, or buy whatever they want. My extended family is also very important to me, so I gave each family a $10,000 Visa Gift Card, totaling $100,000 for 10 families.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After my family was taken care of, I thought very carefully about what I wanted to do for the rest of my life. I decided to open a beauty salon because cosmetology interests me and it can be good money. With the building costs, supplies, and licenses, I spent about $95,000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, after my financial situation and family has been taken care of, I could then concentrate on myself. The first thing I did was sold my car, which got me $6,000 cash. With this money and about $86,000 more, I was bought myself a silver BMW 745i, with black leather interior and a V8 engine. I moved out and purchased a condominium in Highlands Ranch that was well furnished for $250,000. Of course with my new car and a new home, I had to go shopping for a brand new wardrobe and accessories. After five rough days of shopping, my expenses totaled out to $40,000. At this point, I was left with $29,000, which I put in a savings account for emergency purposes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although it’s sad that most of the million dollars is now gone, and I was once considered a â€Å"millionaire,† the things I spent the money on turned out to make everyone who is important to me happy.

Essay --

Introduction Probation and Parole are the main components to the corrections systems. The corrections system decides whether a convicted felon will be approved for parole. The convicted felon may be released from prison and be on probation. If the felon moves back into society or it is possible to have their parole revoked and stay in prison till they can apply for parole again or finish their sentence. These are the elements that help society and ex-convicts to cohabit together without repercussions. The corrections system gives an offender the opportunity to apply for parole. Then the parole board has the decision to approve or revoke the offenders application based on his or her overall behavior according to; their mental state, if they caused any harm towards other inmates or guards, verbal abuse, crime, and any remorse towards the crime that they committed. Probation is after parole, it is there for them to get help and to establish themselves back into society by setting goals. These goals are to be completed by themselves such as finding a job, going to work on time, going back to school and earning a degree, trying and reconnecting with family members and their children, going to either alcohol or drug counseling for an addiction, and keeping a clean image and steering away from bad influences that got them to make bad decisions and land them into prison. Parole is the first step for offenders wanting a second chance at freedom. Offenders have to apply and state their case on why they should be granted parole but some really don't take that into consideration. The parole board really dissects each and every parole application and applicant. The parole board looks from their childhood to the crime they did committ... ...s American corrections system. It is not going to be perfect even though we do need to change a lot of things for an offender to make it in society again and to help him or her move forward from their previous lifestyles. While we are a country and a society, we do have the right laws for offenders not to be let out of prison easily. For probation and parole there are offenders who do succeed when going back into society. There are some that violate the rules based on how often they are being seen by their probation officer or if the parolee even wants to complete their goals and change. There are some who have remorse for their crimes and some that don’t even care. These two components to this system are more based on the roles of the offenders but the laws that were developed from different countries contribute to these imperfect methods of our corrections system.

If I Knew Then Essay

Thinking back on the past month or so since I started my journey at Hodges University, I have come to find that my outlook on learning and the way I go about it has changed. Since my first day of class on January 17th, I feel as though I have grown not only as a student but as a person as well. Many challenges have come upon me but I have overcome them and am now more confident in my abilities as a student. This is not my first semester in a scholarly setting, it is however my first at Hodges. When I signed up for my classes I was afraid of starting my education again. I felt I did not have the time, and that I was going to fail miserably but I knew that I had to at least try. My whole mind set has changed since then. I have realized how badly I want to succeed and make a difference in not only my life but in my daughter’s life as well. I have become more confident in myself and in Hodges for the tools I need to obtain my degree. I do believe that since January I have become a better critical thinker as well as a better writer. A wonderful tool that Hodges has provided to me is this Strategic Thinking class. The required text for this class, Pauk’s How to Study in College, has opened my eyes to better study strategies that I wish I was taught in high school. In my opinion the greatest strategy in the book is finding your â€Å"hidden† time, with being a mother of a 2 year old and working 6 days a week I believed I had no time. After reading just those few paragraphs I was amazed at how much time I actually had. I now study while my daughter is in the bath, in between calls at work, and when I’m folding laundry. I have also adapted Pauk’s strategy of minimizing multitasking; this was a difficult strategy for me to get used to. After reading the section on how to accomplish minimizing multitasking I seen how important it is to your health and your course work. If I had the chance to go back in the past to January 17th, the advice I would give myself is to pace myself. It may seem that I do not have a whole lot of time but I have just enough to study and make the grades. I would also tell myself that when I am in doubt to always remember that I do have people here to help me and I’m not in this alone. As for the future, a few things I will do differently are not to procrastinate with major assignments, as well as to be more attention to detail on my work and in class lectures. I am starting to see the importance of not just listening but hearing and understanding what the professor is lecturing about. Procrastination is one of my major down falls; I have always been bad with it. You can say I’m one of those people who think they work better under pressure when in reality for a lack of better terms I am a little bit lazy. Lazy will not get me to where I want to be in 2 years. If only I knew then what I know now, I would have had the wonderful study strategies that I now implicate, I would have never known that I could stretch myself to these lengths and not completely crash and burn at the beginning. I have grown so much as a person and student in just these few weeks that I am truly excited to continue toward the better life for me and my daughter that is waiting for us the day I graduate.

Investigatory Project in Physics

Investigatory Project in Physics Submitted by : Jay Loteyro Anecito Trongcoso Submitted to: Ms. Matilde Macawile Balloon Powered Car When it comes to powering a race car, there are a ton of different options. Some cars are powered by gasoline, diesel, or other combustible fuels, or you can even power miniature race cars using a mousetrap! In the Balloon Powered Car, we'll show you how to build a racer that uses the power of air pressure to roll across a room. Objectives: a. ) to create a balloon powered race car for maximum speed and distance b. ) to incorporate Newton's Laws of Motion Materials: Foam core or corrugated cardboard * Wooden barbeque skewers * Regular cardboard * Straws * Tape * Balloons * Scissors * Wire cutters Procedure: 1. ) Start off by cutting the chassis of your car. We don't condone the use of blow torches or saws during Sick Science experiments, so you have to create the chassis using scissors and foam core (corrugated cardboard works great, too). Cut a 6Ãâ€"3 inch piece of your chosen material using the scissors. 2. ) A car is nothing without axles. Given the size of your car, wooden barbeque skewers will make perfect axles. Use wire cutters to snip two 4†³ pieces of skewer. 3. You need to mount the axles to your chassis in a way that allows the axles to turn freely. For mounts, cut two 3†³ sections of straw and use tape to fix the mounts to the front and back (3†³ sides) of your chassis. 4. ) Now that you have axle mounts, mount your axles! Slide the wooden skewers through the middle of the straws. 5. ) Axles are great, but humans invented the wheel for a reason. The wheel was invented for use on the Balloon Powered Car! Use scissors to cut four quarter-sized pieces of regular cardboard. Similar essay: Vinegar Battery Conclusion If it helps, you can trace a quarter or circle of similar size to give yourself some guidelines. . ) Push the cardboard circles onto the skewers, one on each end of both skewers. Without needing lug nuts or a compression wrench, you've mounted your wheels. 7. ) Cut the mouth ring (the lip that you blow into) off of the balloon. This will allow for a better seal between the balloon and the exhaust pipe. 8. ) For the exhaust pipe, insert a straw approximately 1†³ into the balloon. Use tape to securely fasten the straw inside the balloon. The tighter the seal, the better your exhaust pipe is going to work, so make sure as little air as possible can escape. 9. Mount the exhaust pipe so that the point where the straw and balloon connect is about 1†³ from the end of your chassis. Taping it at this point is your best bet. Secure the straw so that it points straight out from the chassis. 10. ) Inflate the balloon and pinch the straw to keep air inside the balloon. Place the racer o n the ground and let it go! Conclusion : The concept behind the Balloon Powered Car is pretty simple, but that doesn't make it any less impressive! When you blow up the balloon, set your racer down, and let it go, escaping air from the balloon rushes out of the straw causing propulsion.The principle at work is Newton's Third Law of Motion, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In the case of the Balloon Powered Car, the action is the air rushing from the straw. The reaction is the movement of the car! The moving Balloon Powered Car has kinetic energy, but even an object that isn't moving has energy. This energy is called potential energy. The potential energy of the car is in the elastic material of the balloon. As the balloon fills with air, it builds more potential energy. As the air flows from the balloon, it changes to kinetic energy. This is the conservation of energy.

Moderation vs. Extremism

Man is a complex individual. Embodying the gift of life and the challenge of living it, man is faced with challenges brought by the decision he makes in living his life. Through these challenges, he explores his identity and personality. He is able to assess his inherent characteristics, his abilities and skills. The discovery of his potentials will lead him to utilize it in a manner in which he sees fit. The ability to do what he wants in life is attributed to the freedom that he lives.Humans are driven, free, and capable of governing their lives. The need to survive is the challenge that humans continuous to overcome every day. The individual behaves and reacts to the situations and the people around him. He has an idea of what he wants in life and how he should live it to its full potential. Personal reasons such as success or the need for financial resources and a suited career is sometimes included in the reasons why man behaves and reacts towards his surroundings in a certain w ay. All these reasons contribute to what is essential in life, to be happy.It is such a clichà © for people to talk about happiness in the modern times the society now lives in. The information technology era had brought a perception that man is keen to adapt in a fast-paced and complicated life. The modernism ideology has influenced how people thinks and behaves. This can be mostly associated with the need to be famous, or rich. To further understand how man identifies himself with happiness, Socrates’ definition and view regarding happiness can be used to explain how it is. The Greek word â€Å"ethos† is where the word ethics is derived from.Consequently, the word also is defined as â€Å"habit†.(Beebe, 2003) Socrates is one of the several philosophers who explored the definition of habit and character that one must cultivate in order to live. On a greater scale, how should man be and become in this life. Socrates believed that one should settle the definitio n of ethical character as a manifestation of its morality actions.(Beebe, 2003) As an example, when a child discovers his father killed someone, and his father is hunted by the F.B.I, when someone ask him, he would automatically refuse to be truthful about the whereabouts of his father.This is considering the facts that the child admires his father very much and can not imagine his father committing the crime. In that situation, should the child be tagged as a liar and dishonest person, considering the person involved in very dear to him and is a very influential person in his life. Should one doubt the ethical character of the child or understand the reason why he had lied. This is the question that Socrates posted on the idea of ethical values. With the definition of ethics comes the idea of virtue. Virtue is also associated to â€Å"excellence† and can be applied in many aspects of our lives. Socrates posted a question, â€Å"when does someone consider his life to be happ y?† (Beebe, 2003)Beneath the question is the question connecting the idea of virtue and happiness.   Using the definition of virtue, it questions how man can be of his full potential. What can make his life truly happy? In reality, when one person thinks of happiness, it becomes a subjective view on the person’s life. Socrates on the other hand thinks of happiness as an objective feature of one’s life. Socrates also claimed that â€Å"the most important thing is not life, but the good life†.(Beebe, 2003)This statement comes with the idea that the fulfillment of life is the essence of life itself. Happiness is not just the mere smiles and the happy feeling attributed to it, but when everything is wrong, one lives and overcomes it. This is exercised by the ethical and virtuous persons. They consider more of the quality of their lives rather than just the length and living simply the life they ought to live. Understanding Socrates definition of ethics and v irtue, rather than the pursuit of wealth, reputation, prestige and others, one must focus on aspiring to be ethical and virtuous more than anything else.Because these two ideas generates happiness, is a factor of happiness and creates the life with moral quality. Virtue and happiness is both necessary and sufficient to be able to be happy. Being virtuous is necessary to become happy. The idea of living a virtuous life is fulfilling the excellent kind of life a person can fulfill. This is disregarding the material aspirations of one’s life, in return, one gains the ideals of honesty, fairness, and bravery that contributes to the quality of life one lives. These attributes may not give enough material possessions but the morale and quality of life is the result of living the virtuous life.In Socrates famous saying, â€Å"The unexamined life is worth not living†.(Beebe, 2003) To this saying we pose the idea of wisdom and the pursuit of knowledge and reason. Virtuous livin g is having the gift of rationality and the capacity to think critically. The discussion of virtue is also important in the pursuit of happiness. Virtuosity also comes with work. Being virtuous is a process and a pursuit, and together with work, one can achieve happiness. We can therefore say that according to Socrates, one can not be happy without being virtuous, and one can not be virtuous without being wise.BEEBE, J. R. (2003) Socrates on Prozac and Happines. acsu.buffalo.edu.Beebe, James R. â€Å"Socrates on Prozac and Happines†.   2003. Lecture notes. acsu.buffalo.edu. November 27 2006. .Kalin, J.G., Davis, G.S, and Geisler, N.L. â€Å"Determinism†.   2004. November 27 2006. .

Effects of modern gadgets to high school students Essay

PREFACE PART ONE What is a Person? Chapter 1 Missing Persons Chapter 2 An Apocalypse of Self-Abdication Chapter 3 The Noosphere Is Just Another Name for Everyone‟s Inner Troll PART TWO What Will Money Be? Chapter 4 Digital Peasant Chic Chapter 5 The City Is Built to Music Chapter 6 The Lords of the Clouds Renounce Free Will in Order to Become Infinitely Lucky Chapter 7 The Prospects for Humanistic Cloud Economics Chapter 8 Three Possible Future Directions PART THREE The Unbearable Thinness of Flatness Chapter 9 Retropolis Chapter 10 Digital Creativity Eludes Flat Places Chapter 11 All Hail the Membrane PART FOUR Making The Best of Bits Chapter 12 I Am a Contrarian Loop Chapter 13 One Story of How Semantics Might Have Evolved PART FIVE Future Humors Chapter 14 Home at Last (My Love Affair with Bachelardian Neoteny) Acknowledgments Preface IT‟S EARLY in the twenty-first century, and that means that these words will mostly be read by nonpersons—automatons or numb mobs composed of people who are no longer acting as individuals. The words will be minced into atomized search-engine keywords within industrial cloud computing facilities located in remote, often secret locations around the world. They will be copied millions of times by algorithms designed to send an advertisement to some person somewhere who happens to resonate with some fragment of what I say. They will be scanned, rehashed, and misrepresented by crowds of quick and sloppy readers into wikis and automatically aggregated wireless text message streams. Reactions will repeatedly degenerate into mindless chains of anonymous insults and inarticulate controversies. Algorithms will find

Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Christianity - Essay Example The principle book in Christianity is the Gospel, which is a collection of works that originate from authors such as Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John; all of which were Jesus’s disciples. The Gospel tells about Jesus’s life and passes on the lessons and teachings within Christianity. There are a great deal of many other writers in the Gospel except the principle four, one of them being Paul. Paul did not directly observe Jesus in life, having only met him a few other times through the Apostles before becoming one of them himself. Because he was not a direct follower of Jesus, many of his writings conflict with that of Jesus. Because Paul did not know a majority about the life and events that occurred during Jesus’s life, there are major events that are history changing that are not mentioned in his Gospel, giving the reader a different feel than the other ones. Because Paul learned from others, his Gospel story is different. Christianity is unified, yet fragmented. There are many different branches of Christianity. Although they are similar, they are still a little different from each other, which makes them different at the fundamental level. The Great Schism happened early in the spread of Christianity. It was a fundamental split between what was Western Europe and what were the remnants of the Byzantine Empire. The West supported the rule of the Pope for Roman Catholicism from Rome, whereas the Byzantine Empire supported Eastern Orthodoxy.

Rich media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rich media - Essay Example Upon acknowledging all forms, it conducts a rational appraisal of both good and bad aspects of the presentation. Shir (2005) agree that aspectual analysis suggest mechanisms through which users can avoid experience with negative aspects while reaping optimal benefits from good characteristics in acknowledging facts about cigarettes. Evaluation employed original responses elicited from the experience of target individuals. These individuals serves as the most appropriate population for ensuring both verbal and non-verbal responses from the use of flash presentation in learning positive and negative effects of cigarette consumption in the society. Sampled individuals who participated in the aspectual analysis were all my friends listed below. i. Ahmed. ii. Alex. iii. Nick. Spatial aspect With respect to spatial aspect, evaluation takes into consideration elements of volume and mass space taken by the entire application. This cigarette application takes approximately 10MB on a computer hard disk memory or internet storage space. According to Sammons (2012), the application requires small to medium display screens to enhance its graphics and interactions. Alex was concerned with the memory size because he could not use a medium flash disk to transfer the application from one computer to another. On the other hand, Ahmed appreciated the fact that wider screens enhanced graphical clarity. He preferred to use a 30 inch flat screen TV to access the application. Nick acknowledges the fact that he could store the medium-sized application in his Gmail account and access it from any place with internet access. Kinematic Aspects Users of this application will be able to navigate through different parts in an easy and convenient manner. The main page contains animated options meant to facilitate interaction between the application and the user. Sammons (2012) assert that interactive animations allow users to move from one scene to another without starting over again. Alex sa ys that the animation saves time by allowing him to move directly to preferred scenes. Ahmed had a negative experience in the aspect of kinematics. The loading page allowed the next page to come up without any effect required. This lack of control in scene movement does not give Ahmed enough time to experience the loading page. On the other hand, Nick appreciates that shortcuts allows easier movement from one scene to another; hence allowing for customized manipulation of the application. Quantitative aspect The quantitative aspect of information contained in the application remains as the main challenge in accessing all materials. As acknowledged earlier, the system uses contents of different forms. According to Joao and Gomes (2010), factual information is presented in text form. On the other hand, visual effects employ the use of animations like the foot stepping on a packet of cigarette. Cumulatively, all scenes take substantial time to experience. Alex says that entire coverage could take an entire afternoon. This means a significant amount of time is spent on the application. According to Ahmed, the small quantity of text, animation and audio content of each scene facilitates convenience with respect to time. Nick had a negative experience on quantity because he could not complete the entire application without going for breaks. Physical aspect Granitzer (2011) say that visual and audio effects on the application elicit physical effects on users. In the loading

The hybrid cars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The hybrid cars - Essay Example The automobile emissions are one primary source of green house gases. The crux of all these facts consolidates around the words ‘cars’ and ‘pollution’. Just changing the type of cars we drive can make a significant contribution towards assuring a greener and healthier environment (Anderson & Anderson 14). The future is hybrid! Hybrid cars are the vehicles that rely on two or more disparate sources of energy to run (Mitchell, Borroni-Bird & Burns 22). Mostly the term hybrid cars are also considered synonymous with the Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). A Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) contains both an internal combustion engine that is run by gasoline as well as an alternate source of energy that is an electric battery. As per one’s requirements and traffic conditions, the driver can chose as to run a hybrid car on gasoline or on electricity. In addition, the dual mode cars that run on a mixture of fuels like gasoline and ethanol are also considered hybri d. Hybrid cars bring in an element of choice into the overall driving experience. They allow a driver to opt for cleaner and greener modes of driving. Low fuel consumption and reduced emissions are the factors that set hybrid cars apart from other vehicles (Westbrook 17).

Economic Considerations, and not Justice, should be the Basis of Tort Essay

Economic Considerations, and not Justice, should be the Basis of Tort Law - Essay Example A tort is a common law that deals with resultant interactions between people. It is a civil wrong that mainly ensure the behaviors of an individual does not affect the well-being of another individual. A tort may not encompass an illegal activity, but it concentrates on the harm or loss an individual gets because of another individual action. It, therefore, helps people maintain their previous positions and status they enjoyed before the occurrence of the tort act. In a tort law, the tortfeasor is liable to reinstate the breach of an individual natural position through compensation mainly by monetary terms1. Various debates have prevailed on the intentions of tort law whether to restore justice or ensures people gain previous economic conditions. This is because tort suits make victims transfer problems to other people gaining previous positions while at the same time enduring justice. In as much as torts act as a form of justice, it basis should be economic considerations as justice remain relative through diverse societies. As opposed to common law, this guarantees punishment for the offender upon approval of offense; torts focus on judgment of liability. Concurrently, liability gets paid through economic means that cover compensatory damages to relieve the plaintiff. It is also significant to note that tort does not make judgments based on claims as opposed to criminal laws, which allow claims with support of evidence2. This, therefore, proves torts to be focusing on economic rejuvenation rather than ensuring justice for the offended parties. In an art, shell the argument attempt to reveal the intention of tarts laws, whether to ensure economic fairness of justice. Notably the economic discourse is coming into the forefront of tort law. As a result, many scholars have done proficient research on the arena to establish and gather evidence of the same. From the past, torts remain confused with the aspect of justice while, in real terms, they help restore econo mic lose suffered by the offended victims. They, therefore, are consequential economic loss experiences because of negligence causing a physical injury3. Coincidentally, confusion regarding tort based on justice rather than economic loss also arises due to strict liability accorded to torts. It, however, is essential to note that a difference regarding the economic nature of torts arises due to the strict liability characterized by tort laws. Consequently, torts are not diffusible by excuse or ordinary prudence a factor that approves torts to be focusing on economic justification. Therefore, in as much as torts act as a form of justice the main reason existing behind the action of torts remains economic reactivation4. Various theories can explain the reason why torts consider economic perspectives rather that justice. Deterrence theory, for instance, works on the basis that, for every action, there is equal and opposite reaction. Judging by the principles, deterrence theory ensures people who commit varied offenses remain responsible for their action through limiting future similar actions. From the perspective of this theory, torts subject people to reimbursement of the offended not to ensure justice, but ensure economic stability of the affected5. Consider a person affected by the actions a surrounding industry, which pollutes the immediate environments spreading diseases. The industry is responsible for spreading of diseases, therefore, is responsible for

Serotonin Ecstasy Drug MDMA (3-4-methylenedioxymethampheta-mine), Research Paper

Serotonin Ecstasy Drug MDMA (3-4-methylenedioxymethampheta-mine), - Research Paper Example It was termed as a youth epidemic and many cases of MDMA drug abuse were reported among youngsters. Following media reports and fatal cases of MDMA drug overdose, the drug was banned in 1985 in the US. Ecstasy has both beneficial and harmful effects. The question as to whether its benefits outweigh its harmful effects is yet to be answered. Research on the therapeutic benefits of ecstasy in humans is still in progress. The use of ecstasy is illegal and those found with the drug are heavily penalized or even jailed. This paper attempts to understand whether the criminalization and banning of the drug is justified. It argues that the drug can be exploited for various therapeutic uses and that it will do more good if released for public use. The paper further goes on to assert that criminalization of the drug is doing more harm than good. MDMA or ecstasy was first synthesized by Anton Kà ¶llisch in a Merck laboratory in 1912 (Ebitler para. 2). It was an intermediate product used in the manufacture of hydrastinine. It was patented by Merck in 1913 as a slimming agent or appetite suppressor but was not marketed by the company (IDMU para. 1). It was later used by Max Oberlin to induce adrenaline-like effects in animals. By the 1960s, it became known as the love drug because it was effective in inducing a â€Å"sense of empathy† and â€Å"deep introspective thought†, apart from â€Å"heightening the senses† (Ebitler para. 3). The effects of the drug were recorded in a book called Pihkal by Alexander Shulgin, who experimented with the drug himself (Ebitler). He recommended the potential therapeutic uses of the drug to his friend Leo Zeff, who was a psychotherapist. Soon, the drug became popular among psychotherapists for being beneficial in psychedelic therapy and in facilitating better diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric patients,

Empirical Evidence-Financial Systems and Economic Activity Essay

Empirical Evidence-Financial Systems and Economic Activity - Essay Example er, it was found that the expenditures over research and development, and not fixed capital formation, serve are the medium through which this impact takes place. It was also observed that the interaction amongst the structures and the industrial activity of the country greatly depends upon the levels of its economic growth. The concluding chapter of this paper explains the implications for the economic policy of the consideration that the institutional structure might be inter-related with the type of activity. 2. Review of Economic Performance and Financial Systems Joseph Schumpeter explained in 1912 that how the provision of loan was essential for the development and for the entrepreneurship. According to him, despite giving loan is not central to the normal circular flow, it is true that there exists a gap to overcome in the execution of new combinations. He further affirmed that the obligation of the lender is to bridge this gap, which he very well does by placing the power-to-p urchase developed ad hoc at the disposal of the businessman. Thorstein Veblen observed that the mechanism of assessing firms subject to â€Å"standardized bureaucratic routine† adopted by the entrepreneurs whom he referred to as the â€Å"lieutenants of finance† where as he dubbed the â€Å"syndicated bankers† as the â€Å"captain of finance† (Veblen, 1919). Nevertheless, Robert Lucas, among various others, debates that the economists poorly exaggerated the importance of financial attributes in economic performance (Lucas, 1988). While the significance of financial systems is doubtful, the efficacy of various sorts of financial systems has been found to be even more controversial. Clapham (1936) in his work agreed with the views of a principal officer of one of the Great Banks of Germany that... The paper includes the theoretical literature on the interaction among the financial and corporate mechanisms and the types of economic activities. Link of high risk R & D type activities has been established with the dispersed ownership financial systems and the market based financial systems, in case of the significant imposition of strict budget constraints. On the other hand, the financial systems with concentrated ownership and the bank oriented financial systems should be linked to long term investment with stimulated nature, in case of financial structures that require commitments to other stakeholders. This paper makes a conclusion that the empirical analyses of the relationship between the types of economic activity and financial and corporate systems are currently at its initial stage, they have significant policy implications if they are promoted through the provision of further evidence in this regard. Specifically, they indicate that there is not essentially a commanding financial system that is suitable for all economies or for all industries inside an economy. The financial systems or considerations that are deemed appropriate for a developed economy might turn inappropriate for a developing economy. Similarly what is appropriate for a highly innovative R & D economy might be inappropriate for a more imitative economy. There might be essential adjustments in making financial systems to comply with the countries’ stages of economic development, industrial bases, regulatory and legal policies.